|
Entrainment (chronobiology), Entrain
Entrainment may refer to: * Air entrainment, the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete * Brainwave entrainment, the practice of entraining one's brainwaves to a desired frequency * Entrainment (biomusicology), the synchronization of organisms to an external rhythm * Entrainment (chronobiology), the alignment of a circadian system's period and phase to the period and phase of an external rhythm * Entrainment (engineering), the entrapment of one substance by another substance * Entrainment (hydrodynamics), the movement of one fluid by another * Entrainment (meteorology), a phenomenon of the atmosphere * Entrainment (physical geography), the process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow * Entrainment (physics), the process whereby two interacting oscillating systems assume the same period * Lexical entrainment, the process in conversational linguistics of the subject adopting the terms of their interlocutor See also * " That's Entrainment", ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Air Entrainment
Air entrainment in concrete is the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in a batch by adding an air entraining agent during mixing. A form of surfactant (a surface-active substance that in the instance reduces the surface tension between water and solids) it allows bubbles of a desired size to form. These are created during concrete mixing (while the slurry is in its liquid state), with most surviving to remain part of it when hardened. Air entrainment makes concrete more workable during placement, and increases its durability when hardened, particularly in climates subject to freeze-thaw cycles. Process Though hardened concrete appears as a compact solid, it is actually highly porous (typical concrete porosity: ~ 6 – 12 vol.%), having small capillaries resulting from the evaporation of water beyond that required for the hydration reaction. A water to cement ratio (w/c) of approximately 0.38 (this means 38 lbs. of water for every 100 lbs. of cement) is required for all th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brainwave Entrainment
Brainwave entrainment, also referred to as brainwave synchronization or neural entrainment, refers to the observation that brainwaves (large-scale electrical oscillations in the brain) will naturally synchronize to the rhythm of periodic external stimuli, such as flickering lights, speech, music, or tactile stimuli. As different conscious states can be associated with different dominant brainwave frequencies, it is hypothesized that brainwave entrainment might induce a desired state. Researchers have found, for instance, that acoustic entrainment of delta waves in slow wave sleep had the functional effect of improving memory in healthy subjects. Neural oscillation Neural oscillations are rhythmic or repetitive electrochemical activity in the brain and central nervous system. Such oscillations can be characterized by their frequency, amplitude and phase. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity driven by mechanisms within individual neurons, as well as by interactions bet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entrainment (biomusicology)
: Entrainment in the biomusicological sense refers to the synchronization (e.g. foot tapping) of organisms to an external perceived rhythm such as human music and dance. Humans are the only species for which all individuals experience entrainment, although there are documented examples of entrained nonhuman individuals. Beat induction Beat induction is the process in which a regular isochronous pulse is activated while one listens to music (i.e. the beat to which one would tap one's foot). It was thought that the cognitive mechanism that allows us to infer a beat from a sound pattern, and to synchronize or dance to it, was uniquely human. No primate tested so far—with exception of the human species—can dance or collaboratively clap to the beat of the music. Humans know when to start, when to stop, when to speed up or to slow down, in synchronizing with their fellow dancers or musicians. Although primates do not appear to display beat induction, some parrots do. The mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entrainment (chronobiology)
In the study of chronobiology, entrainment occurs when rhythmic physiological or behavioral events match their period to that of an environmental oscillation. It is ultimately the interaction between circadian rhythms and the environment. A central example is the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the daily light–dark cycle, which ultimately is determined by the Earth's rotation. Exposure to certain environmental stimuli will cue a phase shift, and abrupt change in the timing of the rhythm. Entrainment helps organisms maintain an adaptive phase relationship with the environment as well as prevent drifting of a free running rhythm. This stable phase relationship achieved is thought to be the main function of entrainment. There are two general modes of entrainment: phasic and continuous. The phasic mode is when there is limited interaction with the environment to "reset" the clock every day by the amount equal to the "error", which is the difference between the environmental cycle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entrainment (engineering)
:''See entrainment for other types.'' In engineering, entrainment is the entrapment of one substance by another substance. For example: * The entrapment of liquid droplets or solid particulates in a flowing gas, as with smoke. * The entrapment of gas bubbles or solid particulates in a flowing liquid, as with aeration. * Given two mutually insoluble liquids, the emulsion of droplets of one liquid into the other liquid, as with margarine. * Given two gases, the entrapment of one gas into the other gas. * "Air entrainment" - The intentional entrapment of air bubbles into concrete. * Entrainment defect An entrainment defect is a term used in metallurgy to describe a defect created in a casting by the folding-over of the oxidized surface layer of the molten metal into the bulk liquid. Outside of special cases, the surface of a molten metal is cov ... in metallurgy, as a result of folded pockets of oxide inside the melt. See also * Souders-Brown equation References Chemical engi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entrainment (hydrodynamics)
Entrainment is the transport of fluid across an interface between two bodies of fluid by a shear-induced turbulent flux. Entrainment is important in turbulent jets, plumes, and gravity currents and is a topic of current research. History The entrainment hypothesis was first used as a model for flow in plumes by G. I. Taylor. He was studying the use of oil drum fires to clear fog from airplane runways during World War II. It became a common model of turbulence closure used in environmental and geophysical fluid mechanics. Applications Eductors or eductor-jet pumps make use of entrainment. They are used onboard ships to pump out flooded compartments: seawater is pumped to the eductor and forced through a jet, and any fluid at the inlet of the eductor is carried along to the outlet and up and out of the compartment. Eductors can pump out whatever can flow through them, including water, oil, and small pieces of wood. Another example is the pump-jet, which is used for marine p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entrainment (meteorology)
Entrainment is a phenomenon of the atmosphere which occurs when a turbulent flow captures a non-turbulent flow. It is typically used to refer to the capture of a wind flow of high moisture content, or in the case of tropical cyclones, the capture of drier air. Detrainment is the opposite effect, when the air from a convective cloud, usually at its top, is injected in the environment. Theory Entrainment is the mixing of environmental air into a preexisting air current or cloud so that the environmental air becomes part of the current or cloud. The ''entrainment coefficient'' in clouds is one of the most sensitive variables causing uncertainty in climate models. Homogeneous mixing is a model that assumes that the timescale for the mixing within a cloud was short compared to the evaporation timescale. This would imply that the dry, unsaturated, environmental air would be entrained throughout the cloud before it would start to evaporate the cloud droplets. The entrainment mixing th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entrainment (physical Geography)
In physical geography, entrainment is the process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice) as part of the operation of erosion Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transports it to another location where it is deposited. Erosion is distin ....Thomas,D.S.G. and Goudie, A. (Eds.), ''The Dictionary of Physical Geography'' (3rd edition), Blackwell Publishers, Great Britain, 2000 References Physical geography {{geo-term-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entrainment (physics)
Injection locking and injection pulling are the frequency effects that can occur when a harmonic oscillator is disturbed by a second oscillator operating at a nearby frequency. When the coupling is strong enough and the frequencies near enough, the second oscillator can capture the first oscillator, causing it to have essentially identical frequency as the second. This is injection locking. When the second oscillator merely disturbs the first but does not capture it, the effect is called injection pulling. Injection locking and pulling effects are observed in numerous types of physical systems, however the terms are most often associated with electronic oscillators or laser resonators. Injection locking has been used in beneficial and clever ways in the design of early television sets and oscilloscopes, allowing the equipment to be synchronized to external signals at a relatively low cost. Injection locking has also been used in high performance frequency doubling circuits. How ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lexical Entrainment
Lexical entrainment is the phenomenon in conversational linguistics of the process of the subject adopting the reference terms of their interlocutor. In practice, it acts as a mechanism of the cooperative principle in which both parties to the conversation employ lexical entrainment as a progressive system to develop "conceptual pacts" (a working temporary conversational terminology) to ensure maximum clarity of reference in the communication between the parties; this process is necessary to overcome the ambiguity inherent in the multitude of synonyms that exist in language. Lexical entrainment arises by two cooperative mechanisms: * Embedded corrections – a reference to the object implied by the context of the sentence, but with no explicit reference to the change in terminology * Exposed corrections – an explicit reference to the change in terminology, possibly including a request to assign the referent a common term (e.g., "by 'girl', do you mean 'Jane'?") Violation of Gri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
That's Entrainment
"That's Entrainment" is a song written by Northern Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison and included on his 2008 album, ''Keep It Simple''. Morrison described the meaning of the word "entrainment" and the music on the album thus: :Entrainment is when you connect with the music...Entrainment is really what I'm getting at in the music...It's kind of when you're in the present moment - you're here - with no past or future. "That's Entrainment" was played for the first time, at the beginning of the second hour, on Chris Evans BBC 2 Drivetime show on Wednesday, January 30, 2008, with Evans commenting "The new Van Morrison album came with a shoot to kill warning if played before a certain date, but that's now been lifted so we can play it." Personnel on original release *Van Morrison - vocals, ukulele The ukulele ( ; from haw, ukulele , approximately ), also called Uke, is a member of the lute family of instruments of Portuguese origin and popularized in Hawaii. It gene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
